{"id":45,"date":"2024-07-05T07:58:19","date_gmt":"2024-07-05T07:58:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zframez.com\/articles\/?p=45"},"modified":"2024-09-14T18:40:02","modified_gmt":"2024-09-14T18:40:02","slug":"inter-vlan-communication-using-router-on-a-stick","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/switching\/inter-vlan-communication-using-router-on-a-stick","title":{"rendered":"Configuring Router on a Stick for Inter-VLAN Communication"},"content":{"rendered":"<body>\n<div style=\"background: linear-gradient(to right, #ADD8E6, #8A2BE2); padding: 10px; border-radius: 10px; font-weight: 600; color: black;\">\n  <h3 style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 0;\">Table of Contents<\/h3>\n  <ul style=\"padding-left: 20px;\">\n    <li><a href=\"#Inter-VLAN-Communication\" style=\"color: black;\">Inter-VLAN Communication<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#Inter-VLAN-Communication-Methods\" style=\"color: black;\">Inter-VLAN Communication Methods<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#What-is-Router-on-a-Stick\" style=\"color: black;\">What is Router on a Stick?<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#Understanding-the-Router-on-a-Stick-Topology\" style=\"color: black;\">Understanding the Router on a Stick Topology<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#Frame-Flow-in-Router-on-a-Stick-Topology\" style=\"color: black;\">Frame Flow in Router on a Stick Topology<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"#Cisco-Router-on-a-Stick-Configuration\" style=\"color: black;\">Cisco Router on a Stick Configuration<\/a><\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-x-large-font-size\" id=\"Inter-VLAN-Communication\"><strong>Inter-VLAN Communication<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>In the previous chapters, we discussed VLANs and VLAN configuration. You understand that networks use VLANs to group ports into separate broadcast domains, which minimizes unwanted traffic and enhances both efficiency and security. However, devices within different VLANs cannot communicate with each other. They act as if they are on separate physical switches, blocking any communication between devices from different VLANs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While it is necessary to block unwanted broadcast or multicast traffic, we sometimes need to enable unicast communication between devices across different VLANs. A Layer 2 switch alone cannot facilitate this inter-VLAN communication, as it requires devices in different VLANs to be configured on different networks. Inter-VLAN communication, being essentially inter-network communication, necessitates the use of a router (\u201cRouter on a stick\u201d) or a Layer 3 switch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\" id=\"Inter-VLAN-Communication-Methods\"><strong>Inter-VLAN Communication Methods<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two primary methods to achieve inter-VLAN communication:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>1. Router on a stick ( Using a separate router) <br>2. Using a Layer 3 Switch<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this tutorial, we will cover the first method: \u201cRouter on a stick\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\" id=\"What-is-Router-on-a-Stick\"><strong>What is Router on a Stick?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cRouter on a stick\u201d refers to a network configuration where a router uses a single physical interface to route traffic between multiple VLANs on a switch. To accomplish this, you create subinterfaces on the router\u2019s physical interface, configuring each with an IP address and associating it with a different VLAN.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Topology for router on a stick configuration: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"602\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Router-on-a-stick-topology-1024x602.png?resize=1024%2C602&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"A network topology showing router on a stick configuration for inter vlan communication\" class=\"wp-image-49\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Router-on-a-stick-topology.png?resize=1024%2C602&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Router-on-a-stick-topology.png?resize=300%2C176&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Router-on-a-stick-topology.png?resize=768%2C451&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Router-on-a-stick-topology.png?resize=1536%2C902&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Router-on-a-stick-topology.png?w=1687&amp;ssl=1 1687w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Router on a stick topology with subinterfaces and tagged port.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\" id=\"Understanding-the-Router-on-a-Stick-Topology\"><strong>Understanding the Router on a Stick Topology:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this setup, our switch contains two VLANs, 10 and 20, and connects to a router through a tagged port (trunk port). We have configured the PCs with IP addresses 10.1.1.1\/8 and 20.1.1.1\/8, respectively. For communication from PC1 to PC2, you must also configure their gateways. Let\u2019s assign PC1\u2019s gateway as 10.1.1.2 and PC2\u2019s gateway as 20.1.1.2. The challenge arises in configuring both these IPs on the router\u2019s interface since routers typically allow only one IP per interface. To resolve this issue, we employ subinterfaces. By creating subinterfaces, we can split a physical interface into multiple virtual interfaces, each configured with IP addresses from different networks. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Simply keeping the subinterfaces on different networks is not sufficient because the switch, when sending frames to the router, will tag them with either VLAN 10 or 20 and expect tagged frames in return from the router. Therefore, you must configure the router with the dot1q tagging protocol. It\u2019s essential to set up this tagging protocol and the corresponding VLAN numbers on the subinterfaces. Let\u2019s label these subinterfaces as <code>FE 1\/1.1<\/code> and <code>FE 1\/1.2<\/code>. On the first subinterface, configure the IP address as 10.1.1.2 with VLAN 10. For the second subinterface, set the IP address to 20.1.1.2 with VLAN 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong> Summary of<\/strong> <strong>Router Configuration:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Create subinterfaces on the router\u2019s physical interface. Each subinterface corresponds to a different VLAN.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assign an IP address to each subinterface. These IP addresses will serve as the default gateway for devices in the corresponding VLAN.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enable 802.1Q encapsulation (VLAN tagging) on each subinterface.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"> <strong>Summary of<\/strong> <strong>Switch Configuration:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Configure the switch port connected to the router as a trunk port. This port will carry traffic from all VLANs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure the relevant VLANs are created and assigned to the appropriate switch ports.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\" id=\"Frame-Flow-in-Router-on-a-Stick-Topology\"><strong>Frame Flow in Router on a Stick Topology:<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, let\u2019s examine how frames travel from PC1 to PC2. When PC1 needs to send a frame, it transmits the frame using the gateway\u2019s MAC address as the destination. The switch receives this frame and decides to forward it through the tagged port connected to the router, appending a VLAN tag with VLAN ID 10. Upon receiving the frame, the router processes and removes the Ethernet header, then inspects the IP header. Realizing that the packet is destined for another subinterface based on the destination IP address, the router forwards it accordingly. For outgoing transmission, the router attaches a new Ethernet header that includes a VLAN tag with VLAN ID 20, matching the configuration of the second subinterface with dot1q tagging for VLAN 20. Finally, the switch, upon receiving the frame back from the router, recognizes the VLAN tag and forwards the frame to PC2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\" id=\"Cisco-Router-on-a-Stick-Configuration\"><strong>Router on a Stick Configuration<\/strong> <strong>using a Cisco router<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>With reference to the topology diagram provided, here are the commands you can use on Cisco devices to configure inter-VLAN communication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Router Configuration:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-background-color has-foreground-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-c30a2b46256230ec824d0eff852d7910\"><code>Router(config)# interface FastEthernet 1\/1.1\nRouter(config-if)# encapsulation dot1Q 10\nRouter(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0\nRouter(config-if)# interface FastEthernet 1\/1.2\nRouter(config-if)# encapsulation dot1Q 20\nRouter(config-if)# ip address 20.1.1.2 255.255.255.0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Switch Configuration:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code has-background-color has-foreground-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-d086c77e2da1e85ba6061e5772f75e0d\"><code>Switch# vlan database\nSwitch(vlan)# vlan 10\nSwitch(vlan)# vlan 20\nSwitch (vlan)# exit\nSwitch# configure terminal\nSwitch(config)#interface Fastethernet 0\/1\nSwitch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk\nSwitch(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan all\nSwitch(config-if)#interface FastEthernet0\/2\nSwitch(config-if)#switchport mode access\nSwitch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 10\nSwitch(config-if)#interface FastEthernet0\/3\nSwitch(config-if)#switchport mode access\nSwitch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 20<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Checking the configuration:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To verify the configuration, check whether <code>ping<\/code> works from PC1 to PC2. Additionally, verify the router\u2019s routing table and interface status using the following commands:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Router# show ip route<br>Router# show ip interface brief<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<p style=\"background: linear-gradient(to right, #ADD8E6, #8A2BE2); padding: 10px; border-radius: 10px; font-weight: 600; color: black;\">\n  Next &gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/routing\/ospf-configuration-example\" style=\"color: black;\">OSPF Configuration Example 1: Adjacency Formation<\/a><br><br>\n  Previous &gt;&gt;&gt; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/switching\/vlan-configuration-examples\" style=\"color: black;\">VLAN Configuration Examples<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<p>Further Reading : <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Router_on_a_stick\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n<\/body>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents Inter-VLAN Communication Inter-VLAN Communication Methods What is Router on a Stick? Understanding the Router on a Stick Topology Frame Flow in Router on a Stick Topology Cisco Router on a Stick Configuration Inter-VLAN Communication In the previous chapters, we discussed VLANs and VLAN configuration. You understand that networks use VLANs to group [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":57,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"wp-custom-template-post-with-sidebar2","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4],"tags":[25,29,20,9,102,33,31,30,32,28,101,27,23,22,42],"class_list":["post-45","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-switching","category-vlan","tag-cisco-network-switch-configuration","tag-cisco-router-on-a-stick-configuration","tag-cisco-vlan-configuration","tag-ethernet-switch","tag-how-router-on-a-stick-works","tag-how-the-frame-moves-in-router-on-a-stick","tag-how-to-configure-router-on-a-stick","tag-inter-vlan-communication","tag-network-switches","tag-router-on-a-stick","tag-router-on-a-stick-configuration","tag-switch-configuration","tag-trunk-port-configuration","tag-trunk-ports","tag-vlan-tagging"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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OSPF Configuration Commands Adjacency Verification Understanding the \"show\" commands OSPF Configuration Example 1: Adjacency Formation Between Two Cisco Routers In previous chapters, you learned key OSPF concepts like\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;ospf&quot;","block_context":{"text":"ospf","link":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/category\/routing\/ospf"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/OSPF-adjacency-topology.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/OSPF-adjacency-topology.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/OSPF-adjacency-topology.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/OSPF-adjacency-topology.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/OSPF-adjacency-topology.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/OSPF-adjacency-topology.png?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":611,"url":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/routing\/ospf-configuration-example-multi-area-setup","url_meta":{"origin":45,"position":3},"title":"OSPF Configuration Example 2: Multi-Area Setup","author":"sajith achipra","date":"August 18, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Configuring OSPF with Multiple Areas : Earlier, we covered how to configure OSPF with two routers in the same area. In this guide, we'll walk through an example of configuring OSPF with multiple areas. Using four routers and three areas, we'll demonstrate the setup process. The objective of this exercise\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;ospf&quot;","block_context":{"text":"ospf","link":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/category\/routing\/ospf"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-18-171023.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-18-171023.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-18-171023.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-18-171023.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-18-171023.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-18-171023.png?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":449,"url":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/routing\/ospf-configuration-examples-dr-bdr-election","url_meta":{"origin":45,"position":4},"title":"OSPF Configuration Example 3 : DR BDR election","author":"sajith achipra","date":"July 26, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"Configuring OSPF DR and BDR with Interface Priority and Router ID In all shared networks like Ethernet, Frame Relay, and ATM, OSPF selects one router as the DR and another as the BDR. The DR reduces the number of adjacencies in these networks, preventing the flow of duplicate LSAs. You\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;ospf&quot;","block_context":{"text":"ospf","link":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/category\/routing\/ospf"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ospf-topology-for-DR-BDR-election-with-priority.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ospf-topology-for-DR-BDR-election-with-priority.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ospf-topology-for-DR-BDR-election-with-priority.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ospf-topology-for-DR-BDR-election-with-priority.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ospf-topology-for-DR-BDR-election-with-priority.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":247,"url":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/routing\/bgp-configuration-examples","url_meta":{"origin":45,"position":5},"title":"BGP Configuration Example 1: EBGP Peering","author":"sajith achipra","date":"July 18, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"BGP Configuration Example: In the previous chapter, you learned about BGP's peering process and states. In this BGP configuration example , you will learn how to configure BGP with two Cisco routers, check the BGP peering status, and understand different BGP show commands. We\u2019ll provide step-by-step instructions to set up\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;bgp&quot;","block_context":{"text":"bgp","link":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/category\/routing\/bgp"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/show-ip-bgp.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/show-ip-bgp.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/show-ip-bgp.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/show-ip-bgp.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=45"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":889,"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45\/revisions\/889"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/57"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=45"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=45"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zframez.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=45"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}